International Journal of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences (ISSN 2226-9614)[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row]

VOLUME 29(24) (2026)

Shear Bond Strength and Surface Roughness of Titanium Dental Alloys Fabricated by Using Different Techniques Bonded to Two Different Veneering Materials: A Narrative Review

Mohamed T. Elboghdady^1*, M. A. Eldemellawy², Ingy Mohamed Hany Nouh³

¹Master Student, Fixed Prosthodontics Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

²Professor of Fixed Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

³Associate Professor of Fixed Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

 Abstract

               Titanium and its alloys have become increasingly prevalent in prosthetic dentistry due to their exceptional biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, and favorable mechanical properties. However, achieving a durable bond between titanium frameworks and veneering materials remains a significant clinical challenge. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on the influence of fabrication techniques -conventional casting, computer numerical control (CNC) milling, and selective laser melting (SLM)- on the bond strength and failure characteristics of titanium-veneered assemblies. The adhesion strength between porcelain coating and metal infrastructure in metal-ceramic fixed dental prostheses is essential for their durability. The review examines the inherent challenges of titanium-ceramic bonding, including excessive oxide layer formation, coefficient of thermal expansion mismatch, and processing difficulties associated with titanium’s high melting temperature and reactivity. The transition from conventional casting to subtractive and additive CAD/CAM technologies has provided alternative processing routes that may influence surface characteristics and bond integrity. The evidence indicates that fabrication technique significantly influences failure mode distribution, with casting predominantly associated with adhesive failure, while CNC milling and SLM demonstrate a higher prevalence of mixed failure, suggesting superior bond characteristics. Veneering material selection -low-fusing porcelain versus composite resin- does not appear to significantly influence failure mode distribution, providing clinicians with greater material flexibility. The review also examines surface conditioning methods and their role in enhancing titanium-veneer adhesion. The findings support the adoption of SLM technology for titanium frameworks in high-load prosthetic applications and emphasize the importance of standardized surface preparation protocols for optimizing clinical outcomes.

Keywords: Titanium alloys, Ti-6Al-4V, surface roughness, shear bond strength, selective laser melting, CNC milling, casting, failure mode analysis, dental prosthesis, metal-ceramic bonding

Review article             *Corresponding Author, e-mail: mohamedelboghdady120@gmail.com; Doi # https://doi.org/10.62877/1-IJCBS-26-29-24-1

Submitted: 02-08-2026; Accepted: 12-09-2026; Published: 12-09-2026