International Journal of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences (ISSN 2226-9614)[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row]
VOLUME 29(23) (2026)
Removal of Dyes Used Pharmaceutical and Other Industries from Wastewater Using Metal Oxides and Carbon Dots as Hybrid Materials: A review
Sawaira Bukhari1, Fatma Ayaz2,*
1Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan.
2Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Selçuk University, Konya, Türkiye.
Abstract
The worldwide demand for clean water has increased dramatically due to the world’s expanding population and industrial growth. The public’s health and the ecosystem are seriously threatened by major pollutants such as heavy metals, textile dyes, and industrial waste that are progressively poisoning the water sources. However, industrial and domestic carcinogenic dyes have severely damaged ecosystems and substantially reduced sources of drinking water. The marine ecology, sustainable world development, and human civilization are all severely threatened by these conditions. Researchers have been focusing on innovative techniques to eliminate or break down harmful dyes more effectively than traditional wastewater treatment procedures to overcome the problems. The study investigates the use of metal oxides (MOs) and carbon dots (CDs) as an effective, rapid, and economical method for breaking down and eliminating harmful pigments from wastewater. Contrary to conventional techniques, the hybrid CD/MO method provides a variety of benefits, such as better optical qualities, greater chemical stability, improved adsorption capacity, higher catalytic efficiency, structural alteration, and more efficient charge transfer. This review covers a thorough overview of dyes, their classifications, and their effects on human health and the environment. After that, it discusses many dye exclusion techniques and, for the earliest time, investigates the use of hybrid metal oxide/carbon dot methods to remove harmful colors from wastewater. Furthermore, we look over present challenges and prospects for dye removal, with the intention of providing a summary of recent developments in wastewater treatment, highlighting relevant limitations, and outlining possible future paths.
Keywords: Wastewater, Carbon dots and Metal oxides, Nanotechnological methods, Toxic dyes, photocatalytic degradation
Full length article *Corresponding Author, e-mail: fatma.ayaz@selcuk.edu.tr, Doi # https://doi.org/10.62877/15-IJCBS-26-29-23-15
Submitted: 23-01-2026; Accepted: 22-03-2026; Published: 11-04-2026